Districts of Rwanda

Rwanda has been governed by a strict hierarchy since precolonial times. Before colonisation the King (Mwami) exercised control through a system of provinces, districts, hills and neighbourhoods.[78] The current constitution divides Rwanda into Provinces (intara), Districts (uturere), Cities, Municipalities, Towns, Sectors and Cells, with the exact number of each subdivision and their borders established by Parliament.[79]

The five provinces act as intermediary between the national government and their constituent districts, ensuring that national policies are implemented at district level and monitoring governance and performance.[80] Each province is headed by a Governor, appointed by the President and approved by the Senate.[81] The districts, run by a directly elected council and executive committee, are responsible for coordinating public service delivery and economic development.[82] The sectors, with a directly elected council, are responsible for the delivery of public services as mandated by the districts and for coordinating community participatory development.[82] The cells, which are the smallest political unit, carry out the delivery of community participatory development and prioritise people's needs.[82] All resident citizens aged over 18 are members of the cell council, from which an executive committee is elected.[83] The City of Kigali is a provincial level authority which additionally coordinates urban planning within the city.[80]

The present borders were drawn in 2006 with the aim of decentralising power and removing associations between the old system and the genocide.[84] The previous structure of 12 Provinces, centred around the largest cities, was replaced with five, based primarily on geography.[84] These are:

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